SPIDERS Target Selection

Summary

The SPectroscopic IDentification of ERosita Sources (SPIDERS) is an SDSS-IV eBOSS program that aims at providing complete and homogeneous optical spectroscopic followup of X-ray sources (both point-like and extended).

Before availability of eROSITA sources, SPIDERS spectroscopic targets are selected by combining X-ray information from the RASS (ROSAT all-sky survey) and XMM-Newton serendipitous surveys to SDSS multi-band photometric data; a detailed description of such targeting scheme can be found in Clerc et al. (2016) and Dwelly et al. (2017), for clusters of galaxies and AGN, respectively.

SPIDERS AGN targets Dwelly et al. (2017)

The counterparts to X-ray point-sources were identified by means of a Bayesian cross-matching algorithm (Salvato et al. 2018) to find the best association between ROSAT all-sky survey (RASS, Voges et al. 1999, 2000) or XMM Slew Survey (XMMSL, Saxton et al. 2008) sources and detections from the AllWISE catalogue (Cutri et al. 2013). The X-ray bright AGN detected in RASS and XMMSL are expected to be bright and red in the two shortest wavelength WISE channels (W1 3.4 μm; W2 4.6 μm) and to be relatively unaffected by dust obscuration. The SPIDERS AGN target list contains 9,028 candidate targets from RASS and 819 from XMMSL, over the entire BOSS imaging footprints. The target selection catalogs contain information on the X-ray sources, including flux measurements, and on their AllWISE counterpart. They enclose a quantitative measure of the reliability of the association.

SPIDERS Galaxy Clusters targets Clerc et al. (2016)

The counterparts to X-ray extended sources (galaxy clusters) were identified using a red-sequence finding algorithm adapted from redMaPPer (Rykoff et al. 2014). X-ray sources were either faint RASS sources filtered for the existence of a neighboring red-sequence, or extended sources on XMM-Newton archival pointings matched to a redMaPPer detection. Both extend to redshift z∼0.6. The target list contains galaxies likely to belong to a galaxy cluster, as indicated by their color, distance to the center of the X-ray source and luminosity. They are prioritized according to a scheme involving their membership probability and their parent cluster mass (as indicated from its richness.) The SPIDERS Galaxy Cluster target list contains 94,883 and 3,839 objects for RASS and XMM-Newton respectively, see Clerc et al. (2016).

eFEDS SPIDERS targets

The target selection procedure for eFEDS broadly followed the steps carried out for follow up of ROSAT sources in SPIDERS (Clerc et al. 2016; Dwelly et al. 2017). First, the X-ray source detection process (described in detail by Brunner et al. 2021), provides a catalogue, including parameters that describe the detection likelihood, extent likelihood (to distinguish point sources from extended ones), and astrometrically corrected X-ray position and positional uncertainty. For the SDSS-IV targeting of eFEDS sources, we only considered eFEDS sources with detection likelihood > 8, so that the fraction of spurious detections is kept to a relatively low rate (~2%). For X-ray point-sources, optical/IR counterparts were associated with the X-ray sources using the NWAY Bayesian association method (Salvato et al. 2018). For X-ray extended clusters of galaxies, the targets were selected using a combination of member galaxies identified using redMaPPer in scanning-mode (Rykoff et al. 2014) as well as additional BCGs identified using the multicomponent matched filter cluster confirmation tool (Klein et al. 2019). The eFEDS targets were first released in DR17, and are described in more details in the DR17 Data Release paper, Abdurro’uf et al. (2022).

SEQUELS constituted a preliminary incarnation of eBOSS over a small area. Fibers to follow-up X-ray sources were also used as part of the SEQUELS survey (Alam et al. 2014). Details on the SEQUELS target selection can be found on this page. The selection of SPIDERS targets in SEQUELS slightly differs from the main SPIDERS selection.

SEQUELS AGN

X-ray sources from the RASS are associated to SDSS DR9 photometric detection using a Bayesian algorithm, with priors on the u- and r-band distribution derived from a catalogue of X-ray bright sources detected by the XMM-Newton observatory, see appendix D of Dwelly et al. (2017) for the full details.

SEQUELS Clusters

Red-sequence galaxies associated to RASS X-ray sources are targeted up to i_fiber2=21.0 and low-richness galaxy clusters are included in the target list.